The Legal Ordering Of The Xix - 1677 Words

THE SITUATION AT THE END OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE XIX: THE GENERALIZATION OF CHANGE Thus Foucault points out that it is this moment when a new knowledge arose, which had a scientific objective: the knowledge and the legal ordering of the administration of the penitentiary system. For Perez grenades and Gimà ©nez-Salinas Colomer prison appears in this period as the great social invention that facilitated the combination of several functions: correcting the culprit, guaranteeing security, isolating the offender and punishment. In terms of the Anglo-Saxons, in 1840 in the prison of Pentonville of England the progressive system was imposed, that combined the cellular system in a first degree in which the prisoner was†¦show more content†¦18th century This century is characterized by jail in coexistence with corporal punishment. Since the eighteenth century, several theories were formulated that made progress in explaining crime as a correction, the philosophy of human rights began to reach fullness. At this time the criminal Enlightenment arises, that is to say, greater humanity in the treatment that they receive in the jail. John Howard (1726-1790) who impressed by the state of the English prisons, was dedicated to improving the situation of the prisoners by travelling the main European states and drawing the general interest of the thinkers of the time to these matters. According to him, in his book States of Prisons (Warrington, 1777), in England the prisoners were piled up, to the point that in very few prisons was there a separation between the sexes, and children learned about vice and how to commit crimes from the abject accounts of the greatest criminals. The idiots and the insane were imprisoned along with other criminals for whom they served as cruel fun and sometimes terror. Diseases appear due to overcrowding, fever, typhus or plague and smallpox sometimes spread to neighboring populations and to all those who had some contact with inmates. The philadelphic, also called pennilanic or cellular, was based onShow MoreRelated Healthcare, Medicare, and Medicaid Essay4491 Words   |  18 Pages Many liberals in Congress believed that having the government pay for everyone’s health care could control costs. They promoted the idea of health maintenance organizations. President Nixon proposed the HMO Act. In 1973 Congress passed it. Legal impediments were removed to increase the growth of HMOs. HMOs were developed as part of a Nixon administration strategy to encourage the growth of prepaid plans and to improve the capacity and efficiency of the nation’s health system. 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Fortu Powercell GmbH Case Free Essays

string(149) " about capturing the returns from research, which talk about when, where and why integration is needed and introduce the notion of decoupling point\." Nowadays, it is critical for the companies of many industries to pay a lot of attention and efforts on the management of technology and innovation. Indeed, the development of new technologies is a potential source of competitive advantage and the ability of the companies to innovate and/or to respond to competitors’ innovation determine their survival in a long-term basis. This ability is more or less developed in companies, regarding their maturity and their structure. We will write a custom essay sample on Fortu Powercell GmbH Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most of the start-ups, which usually function as adhocracies, have a good ability to innovate but struggle to bring these innovations to the market. fortu Powercell GmbH represents a typical example of a start-up with a promising technology offering a lot of possibilities, a new type of battery, but which does not know what strategic direction to take in order to achieve long-term profitability. Studying its situation would the occasion for us to present several concepts that managers in fields where technology and innovation matter need to embrace if they want to take relevant strategic decisions. We are going to start our analysis with a quick reminder of the case, what are the critical points to keep in mind before to present some considerations relative to the work of several experts, researchers in the management of technology and innovation. Finally, we will conclude with some suggestions for the executive team of fortu Powercell. It would help us to answer adequately to the questions of fortu Powercell’s executive team. Another work we would like to quote is the work of Christensen on disruptive innovation. To summarize, we can differentiate two type of innovation: sustaining and disruptive. A sustaining innovation targets demanding, high-end customers with better performance than what was previously available. A disruptive innovation consists in the introduction of a product, a service which is not as good as currently available products but compensates thanks to its simplicity, its convenience, its low cost which would appeal new or less-demanding clients. Thus we distinguish two types of disruptive innovations, the new-market disruption and the low-end disruption. The first one is competing with non-consumption, at the beginning, before pulling out customers out of the mainstream market into the one because of the convenience of the product/service. The second one is focusing at the low-end of the original mainstream value network, on the customers whose expectations regarding the product are lower than what is actually proposed on the market. It is quite critical to define what kind of innovation is the fortu Powercell because the way people should manage sustaining and disruptive innovations are totally different. A sustaining technology strategy is not a viable way to build new-growth businesses for instance and usually once they have developed and established the viability of their superior product, entrepreneurs who have entered on a sustaining trajectory should turn around and sell out to one of the industry leaders behind them. Also, an idea that is disruptive to one business way be sustaining to another. If this is the case, it is better to redefine the product or the service in a way that it would be an opportunity which is disruptive relative to all the established players in the targeted market space or another solution is to not invest at all. Otherwise, it could be extremely difficult to beat the established companies which would defend their positions. Burgerlman and Siegel would also contribute to our analysis with their work on the minimum winning game. This is the â€Å"first ajor market opportunity that is limited enough to provide a clear target for technology and product development efforts in the short-to-medium term, and sufficiently large that successfully pursuing it provides a foundation for long-term corporate development†. When the MWG has been defined, the top management can set relevant milestones against which meaningful progress can be measured. The risk of an undefined MWG is a focus on a set of feasible but fairly limited and unconnected milestones along a road that leads nowhere or the elaboration of a serie of vague visions. The first MWG is influenced by 3 drivers, the technology development, the product development and the business strategy. The management team should put a lot of efforts to balance their influence in order to prevent one of them to dominate the interplay, because of the potential negative effects related to each one of these driver. Nevertheless, one of them should be the main driver but not all the time the company is trying to achieve its MWG. Shifting the balance of drivers in due time is necessary to achieve this goal. We mention this work because we would like to determine if one of the options considered by the fortu Powercell management team is a correct MWG, if they have developed a correct thinking about the options they defined. Considering the nature of the product fortu Powercell wish to sell, we must consider the work of Henderson and Clark on architectural innovation or the technology S-curve for components of Christensen. About the first named, it raises a distinction between several innovations as they could be incremental, modular, architectural or radical. Incremental innovation basically refines and extends an established design whereas radical innovation establish a new dominant design. A modular innovation is an innovation that changes a core design concept without changing the product’s architecture and finally a architectural innovation change a product’s architecture but leaves the components and the core design concepts that they embody unchanged. Qualify the fortu Powercell innovation would give us some clues about how established firms would react if the product is commercialized. The input of the S-curve theory in our thinking is that it forces us to not forget that the other technologies are maybe not mature and still have some potential that could lead to a fierce competition between them and the fortu Powercell technology. Finally, we would like to mention the work of Christensen, Musso and Anthony about capturing the returns from research, which talk about when, where and why integration is needed and introduce the notion of decoupling point. You read "Fortu Powercell GmbH Case" in category "Essay examples" Basically, it illustrates the fact that a product with proprietary, interdependent architecture is subject to an interdependence of its components. The way one component is designed and made depends on the way the other components are being designed and made. In this case, the control of the design and manufacturing of every critical component of the system by a process of integration allows companies to develop a competitive advantage. A product with a modular architectures means that individual sub-systems can be upgraded without redesign everything. In this case, being specialized, not-integrated, is the best solution. We think it is important to keep in mind these notions as fortu Powercell is looking to enter the market of batteries for defined products. If the product has an interdependent architecture or a modular architecture, that makes a difference on how fortu Power should define its strategy. As a conclusion for this part, we want to remind that these theories and works presented are what we mainly used to mold our thinking about this case, to evaluate the situation of fortu PowerCell and its possibilities. III. Suggestions In this part, we are going to present a few suggestions for the fortu Powercell executive team regarding what we presented before. They should give them enough indications to help them find satisfying answers to their questions. If we look at the theories we mentioned, it seems that we can just start by defining a set of questions related to them and to other constraints and see if the first option, the plant in Lepzig, is such a good solution. We could also try to see if there is another solution, another market segment which appears to be better to the point it overcomes the loss of a potential market segment. First option: The plant in Lepzig (Market segment: Power Tools) -How well the fortu battery respond to the four set of questions of the management criteria theory, in the case of the power tools market ? Quite well actually. It appears at first sight that the fortu battery technology would be a profitable technology for the power tools market as it lift a fundamental prior constraint, provide enhanced effectiveness†¦ -Is the fortu battery a disruptive innovation or a sustaining innovation for the power tools battery market ? This question is subject to debate but as we see it, the fortu battery system is in part a disruptive innovation for the power tools battery market. Indeed, it would allow the creation of more powerful cordless tools which lead us to think that this is a new-market kind of disruptive innovation. On the other hand, if we only consider only the less powerful tools such as the screwdrivers, we can see the fortu battery technology as only a sustainable technology. It represents a battery with better characteristics compared to nickel based batteries and that is all. -Is the conquest of the power tools battery market a suitable MWG ? What are their following milestones ? We do not think that the power tools battery market is a suitable MWG because this is only a sustaining innovation for the single largest product category, which means than established players in the market would try to defend their market shares and, in a long-term perspective, we can imagine they would have to sell the business.    Second option: fortu Powercell gives up the power tools battery market and license its technology Another way to formulate the relevance of this option is to ask the question: is there a better MWG that fortu Powercell could choose ? A MWG that will compensate the loss of the power tools battery market segment ? After what we said in the previous argument, that the power tools battery market segment was not a very good MWG, and considering all the other opportunities offered by this technology, it would be surprising not to find a better one. The advantage with this option is that the first entrant with this technology in the global market won’t be fortu Powercell. They would have the chance to have a concrete feedback about what their technology is really capable of when it comes to mass production, what would be the reactions of major players in the business. Quick reminder: the first entrant is rarely the one that would capture the value of the technology. Also, it would give them some funds to be relatively independent from external capital, to keep doing some research or for a potential new venture. They will not have to use such a complicated financial operation to gather the funds and maybe they would not have to deal with conditions defined by their partners or at least it would be less constraining. Finally, they will have some time to think about everything we mentioned and there will maximize their chances to define what could be the perfect MWG for them and what milestones it could imply. But they have to keep in mind that is possible that this technology is not a disruptive technology for any market and consequently that long-term development would be difficult. So we think that there must be a better MWG for fortu Powercell and its technology but what would that be Final suggestions In this final part, now that we have defined that the second option is the best, as we see it, we are going to present what we think is a proposition of better MWG for fortu Powercell and we will conclude with a few recommendations. It is important to precise that this is only a proposition, we are not going to develop this thought too further as we think that the question of the fortu Powercell management team is answered and that they consequently have time to evaluate their different options. We think that the pedelecs (bicycle with electric assistance) would be a good MWG for fortu Powercell as it is limited enough to provide a clear target for technology and product development efforts in the short-to-medium term, and sufficiently large that successfully pursuing it provides a foundation for long-term corporate development. Indeed, the prices and margins are high in this market segment and most of the price depends of the battery. The segment size is important, around 100 million, which is big but not too much. It would be a low-end disruptive innovation compared to the NiCD and Li-on cells in the sense where the bicycles would be simpler, with a smaller battery that won’t need to be recharged too often, which is much more convenient. Indeed, we think that the technological advantage of the fortu Powercell would lead to these improvements, these enhancements for the product. The bicycles could also be cheaper as the price per Wh would be lower which could drive new customers, previously repelled by the high price. The important market of Netherlands will not be far from Karlsruhe, so a plant could be build over there. If this MWG would be a success, it would be possible to move to a sequence of MWG: electrical scooters (Italy is also not that far from Karlsruhe) – electrical cars (which can be considered as the ultimate target, the maximum winning game). Beyond the choice of the MWG, and as a conclusion, we would like to recommend fortu Powercell to pay attention to develop its absorptive capacity, in order to remain to the peak of the battery technology and then be able to respond with energy to the responses and attacks of other players, and in a long-term perspective, in the case they would be successful, to put a lot of efforts to define clearly its strategic intent. How to cite Fortu Powercell GmbH Case, Essay examples

Mahadevi’s Women Saviors not Victims Essay Example For Students

Mahadevi’s Women: Saviors not Victims Essay Mahadevi Varma, in her memoirs Skethces from My Past and A Pilgrimage To The Himalayas, depicts the interesting yet mostly pathetic stories of the people she had interacted with in her life. Varma declared that she never felt the need to create fictional characters for she believed that the stories of the common people and especially that of the women she had encountered were intriguing and worthy writing about. All the central women characters that Varma had depicted in her memoirs have extra-ordinary stories despite living very ordinary if not wretched lives. Two of such women that Varma portrays, Bhaktin and Sabiya, are very different from one another and yet share something rather admirable in common: inner strength and industriousness. These two qualities allowed the two women to stand up on their feet with their dignity intact in spite of having to face many hardships and injustices. Most importantly, Mahadevi Varma’s por- trayal of these women, despite evoking sympathy in the readers, does not portray them as victims of the society but rather as the saviors of their families. We will write a custom essay on Mahadevi’s Women: Saviors not Victims specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The eponymous character of one of Verma’s sketches, Bhaktin is more than just a house- keeper and calling her a mere servant would not be doing her role in the author’s life proper jus- tice. Bhaktin was a loyal companion, caretaker and a friend to Varma. Despite facing many adversities, Bhaktin with sheer grit and hard-work marched ahead in life and tackled the next misfortune with as much fortitude. Bhaktin, who is married off at a very young age, is very ill-treated and â€Å"penalized† (Varma, â€Å"Pilgrimage† 12) by her mother-in-law and sisters-in-law for giving birth to three daughters instead of a son so much so that they refuse to provide her or her daughters with proper food. Bhaktin’s husband was, however, always fond and appreciative of his â€Å"hard-working, bright, and loyal wife† (13) who was of great help to him during the process of separation from his bothers and in establishing their own household. Being the only woman of the house who toiled on the field, Bhaktin â€Å"knew the exact value of each cow, bullock, field and grove† and used this knowledge to secure the best of them as their share in the inheritance. Due to her and her family’s sheer hard-work, she â€Å"helped turn the land to gold† (13). Soon after Bhaktin, at the young age of twenty-nine, is widowed but refuses to remarry much to the disappointment to her sisters-in-law and as a revolt against their pressurizations â€Å"shaved off her oily hair in memory of her husband† (14) and decided to live as a widow for the rest of her life. While her decision to take charge of her own life instead of cowing down to family or societal pressure stan ds as a testament to her inner strength, the fact that she supported herself and her daughters, as a single mother, speaks to her industriousness. This very hard-working nature of Bhaktin does not allow her to slack in diligently carrying out her duties towards her mistress despite her old age. Sabiya is yet another fascinating character that Varma depicts in her sketches. She is a harijan sweeper woman whose husband, Maiku, abandons her and runs away with another man’s bride while she was tending to her newly born infant. Despite knowing the hardships she would have to face being a single mother of two young children, Sabiya rejects a marriage proposal from the bridegroom of her husband’s mistress much to everyone surprise. In light of all that has happened, everyone labels Sabiya as â€Å"eccentric† although Varma herself â€Å"was unable to detect any trace of eccentricity in her other than her mania for work† (Varma â€Å"Sketches† 48). Sabiya works diligently and efficiently everyday. She single-handedly supports her two infants and takes care of her mother-in-law with as much attention and affection as she does her own children. When her despicable husband returns with his mistress, she not only forgives him but also takes them both under her wing despite their ingratitude and unkindness to her. Sabiya’s profound ca- pacity to forgive even those who hurt her can be so incomprehensible to the reader that she can be easily mistaken as weak. Sabiya, however, is anything but weak for it takes a great amount of inner strength to forgive those who are unforgivable. As Varma so very eloquently puts it, â€Å"To it was as if they were all her children, and their shirking of their responsibilities did not make her oblivious to her own obligations toward them† (54). Sabiya, like Bhaktin, chooses to become the savior of her family instead of indulging in self-pity and victimhood. .udc8abcd5f9f87f87eb1cb0b579e559be , .udc8abcd5f9f87f87eb1cb0b579e559be .postImageUrl , .udc8abcd5f9f87f87eb1cb0b579e559be .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udc8abcd5f9f87f87eb1cb0b579e559be , .udc8abcd5f9f87f87eb1cb0b579e559be:hover , .udc8abcd5f9f87f87eb1cb0b579e559be:visited , .udc8abcd5f9f87f87eb1cb0b579e559be:active { border:0!important; } .udc8abcd5f9f87f87eb1cb0b579e559be .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udc8abcd5f9f87f87eb1cb0b579e559be { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udc8abcd5f9f87f87eb1cb0b579e559be:active , .udc8abcd5f9f87f87eb1cb0b579e559be:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udc8abcd5f9f87f87eb1cb0b579e559be .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udc8abcd5f9f87f87eb1cb0b579e559be .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udc8abcd5f9f87f87eb1cb0b579e559be .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udc8abcd5f9f87f87eb1cb0b579e559be .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udc8abcd5f9f87f87eb1cb0b579e559be:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udc8abcd5f9f87f87eb1cb0b579e559be .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udc8abcd5f9f87f87eb1cb0b579e559be .udc8abcd5f9f87f87eb1cb0b579e559be-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udc8abcd5f9f87f87eb1cb0b579e559be:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Education system in Hard Times EssayVarma’s depiction of Bhaktin and Sabiya’s life stories often leave the reader filled with angst and frustration at the unfair society which dangles its â€Å" naked sword† over the wavering heads† of such women (Varma, â€Å"Sketches† 54). Varma’s poignant memoir-tales naturally invoke sympathy in the readers’ minds who might oftentimes deem these women as but the mere victims of society. Varma, on the contrary, seeks empathy and not sympathy for the women she portrays. Moreover, Varma refuses to represent them as victims but rather chooses to depict them as sav- iors of their families who with their sheer hard work and inner strength overcome every adversity and strive to move forward in life. Varma, through Bhaktin and Sabiya, succesfully resurrects the much deserved respect and dignity of many such forgotten women who often do great things in their mostly unremembered and unvalued lives.